W15.2 JuYoung Lee(이주영)

1.SUMMARY)

Demography is the study of human population dynamics, examining how populations change over time. Population research typically roots itself in social change. The development of demographic calculations began in the 18th century, with most modern population surveys commencing in the late 19th century.

Demography primarily utilizes large datasets such as birth, death, and marriage registrations. Longitudinal data over extended periods are necessary for developing birth and death rate trends. Obtaining reliable demographic data remains challenging in many developing countries.

Demography focuses on indicators of change such as birth rates and death rates. Fertility, reproductive health, and migration trends are key research subjects.

Fertility refers to the ability of women to bear healthy offspring. Key indicators include the total fertility rate, general fertility rate, age-specific fertility rates, and the total fertility rate. Fertility rates are closely related to women's education levels and a country's level of development.

Death rates indicate the frequency of deaths within specific population groups. Key indicators include the crude death rate, infant mortality rate, and life expectancy. Life expectancy is associated with factors such as education levels, wealth, race, social networks, and job satisfaction.

Demographic transition explains the shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. This occurs as societies industrialize, with improvements in hygiene and medical advancements playing crucial roles. In later industrial societies, declining fertility rates are associated with women's education and economic opportunities.

Population overshoot refers to a situation where the carrying capacity of an ecosystem is exceeded by the population. This is determined by the relationship between resources and population numbers. World population growth primarily occurs in less developed countries, with the UN projecting stabilization at 9 billion by 2075 due to declining fertility rates. While fertility rates are decreasing in most regions, some parts of Africa still exhibit high fertility rates, leading to anticipated population growth.

2-INTERESTING)

The explanation of urban heat islands was particularly intriguing among the various aspects discussed regarding the causes and effects of urbanization. Urban heat islands refer to the phenomenon where urban areas become relatively warmer due to urbanization. This occurs as urban structures and asphalt absorb and store solar energy, resulting in an increase in the temperature of the city. This phenomenon is one of the important factors in understanding the environmental impacts of urban living.

3-QUESTION)

How would educational, economic, and political empowerment affect fertility rates? How can research and cases be examined to see if these measures actually reduce fertility rates and maintain them at sustainable levels?

Comments

  1. HongGyeongminJune 9, 2024 at 9:49 PM

    Educational, economic, and political empowerment, particularly for women, tend to lower fertility rates by increasing access to education, career opportunities, and family planning resources, leading to delayed childbearing and smaller family sizes. To assess the impact of these measures, researchers can analyze longitudinal studies, demographic data, and case studies from countries that have implemented empowerment initiatives, comparing fertility trends before and after such interventions. This evidence-based approach helps determine if empowerment measures effectively reduce and maintain fertility rates at sustainable levels.

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